Learning Swedish ================ Most material comes from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_grammar # Pronouncation There are short and long vowels Vowel Short Long i see (lengthened) e ----- he ä hello have a mat+bought bought å not cool o boot (lengthened) u fool fuel+mule y eel+u (lengthened) ö nut (lengthened + ought) Consonates that are different from english kj -> sh sj -> ph j -> y > Note: r is often trilled # Nouns Formation of a noun [stem][plur?][definite article?][possesive?] ## 5 declensions Decl. Sing. Plur Primary Gender 1st -a -or Common 2nd -- -ar Common 3rd -- -er (-r) Both 4th -- -n Neuter 5th -- (none) Both ## Articles The definite article is expressed by a suffix, while the indefinite article is a separate word Indefinite article (only in the singular): en (common), ett (neuter) ### Definite article Common sing. -en/-n Neuter sing. -et/t > Note: The final -t is silent in most dialects Plural Articles Decl. Ending 1st -na 2nd -na 3rd -na 4th -a 5th -en Definite Adjectives/Numerals: det (neuter), den (common), de (plural) ## Genitive It is always formed by adding an -s to the end of the word. Often put on the last word of the noun phrase instead of the actual genitive noun (like english) # Pronouns ## Personal Very similar to english, but they have a seperate reflective pronoun like latin Singluar Plural -------------------------------------------|------------------------- Person Nom Obj Possessive (c/n/p) |Person Nom Obj Possessive(c/n/p) 1st jag mig min, mitt, mina |1st vi oss vår, vårt, våra 2nd du dig din, ditt, dina |2nd ni er er, ert, era 3rd/masc han honom hans |3rd de dem deras 3rd/femi hon henne hennes | 3rd/comm den dess | 3rd/neut det dess | 3rd/inde man en ens | 3rd/refl --- sig sin, sitt, sina |3rd/refl -- sig sin, sitt, sina Note: The word: hen hen/henom, hens is sometimes used as a non gendered singluar pronoun (like they in english) ## Demonstrative, interrogative, and relative pronouns * den här, det här, de här: this these (for definite nouns) * den där, det där, de där: that those (for definite nouns) * denne denna, detta, dessa: this/these (indefinite nouns) * som: as, that, which, who (used as an all-purpose relative pronoun whenever possible) * vem: who, whom (interrogative) * vilken, vilket, vilka: which, what, who, whom, that * vad: what * vems: whose (interrogative) * vars: whose (relative) * när: when * då: then, when (relative) * här, där, var: here, there, where (forms combinations like "where from" varifån) * hit, dit, vart: hither, thither, whither * vem/vilket/vad/när/var som helst: whoever, whichever, whatever, whenever, wherever, etc. * hädan, dädan, vadan, sedan (often hän and sen; these are kinda archaic/formal): hence, thence, whence, since * någon, något, några (often nån, nåt, nåra): some/any, a few; someone/anyone, something/anything etc. * ingen, inget, inga: no, one; no one/nothin * annan, annat, andra: other, else * någon/ingen/annan/ -stans, överallt: somewhere/anywhere, nowhere, elsewhere, everywhere * någorlunda, ingalunda, annorlunda: somehow/anyhow, no way, otherwise * någonting, ingenting, allting: something/anything, nothing, everything # Adjectives Strong inflection (indefinite nouns) Sing. common: (none) Sing. neutur: -t Plural: -a Weak inflection (definite nouns) -a > Note: when the noun can be replaced with he/him the ending is -e ## Comparatives and superlatives Comparative: -are Superlative -ast > Note: add -e for definite superlaties # Adverbs adjectival adverbs are formed using the neuter sing. > Note: if an adjective ends in -lig, the adverb sometimes is -ligen Directional Adverbs (movement/no movement) * upp/uppe: up * ner/nere: down * in/inne: in, into * ut/ute: out, out of * hem/hemma: home * bort/borta: away * fram/framme: forward # Numerals 0 noll 1 en, ett 2 två 3 tre 4 fyra 5 fem 6 sex 7 sju 8 åtta 9 nio 10 tio 11 elva 12 tolv 13 tretton 14 fjorton 15 femton 16 sexton 17 sjutton 18 arton 19 nitton Multiples of 20-1000 20 tjugo 30 trettio 40 fyrtio 50 femtio 60 sextio 70 sjuttio 80 åttio 90 nittio 100 hundra 1000 tusen > Note: in some dialects, the -o in nio, tio, and tjugo is often pronouned -e or -u or -i Numbers 21-99 are written: [big number][small number] ## Ordinal * 1st: första * 2nd: andra * 3rd: tredje * 4th: fjärde * 5th: femte * 6th: sjötte * 7th: sjunde * 8th: ättonde * 9th: nionde * 10th: tionde * 11th: elfte * 12th: tolfte Others are formed with -de (thirteenth-nineteenth, hundredth/thousandth), -nde (twentieth-ninetieth), -te for larger numbers ## Rational numbers TODO # Verbs > Note: att is often put before the infinitive Group Imper. Infi. Pres. Past Supine Past Part. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 -! -- -r -de -t -d/-t/-de 2a -! -a -er -de -t -d/-t/-da 2b -! -a -er -te -t -t/-t/-ta 3 -! -- -r -dde -tt -dd/-tt/-dda 4 -! -a -er (vowel) -it -en/-et/-na ## Irregular Verbs Verb Imper. Infi. Pres. Past Supine Past Part. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ var (to be) var! vara är var varit --- gå (to walk) gå! gå går gick --- gått ## Passive Passive is generally formed by adding an -s Four ways to form passive 1. add an -s to the infinitive 2. use a form of bli (to become) + the past part. 3. use a form of vara (to be) + the past part. 4. use a form of få (to get) + the past part. # Prepositions * på: on, upon; at; for (in neg. statement) * under: under; during * i: in (of place) * om: in (of time) * vid: by * till: to * före: before * runt: around * emellan: between * igenom: through